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0
Patient Assessment
- 0.1 Patient demand
- 0.2 Overarching considerations
- 0.3 Local history
- 0.4 Anatomical location
- 0.5 General patient history
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0.6
Risk assessment & special high risk categories
- 5.1 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
- 5.2 age
- 5.3 Compliance
- 5.4 Smoking
- 5.5 Drug abuse
- 5.6 Recreational drugs and alcohol abuse
- 5.7 Parafunctions
- 5.8 Diabetes
- 5.9 Osteoporosis
- 5.10 Coagulation disorders and anticoagulant therapy
- 5.11 Steroids
- 5.12 Bisphosphonates
- 5.13 BRONJ / ARONJ
- 5.14 Radiotherapy
- 5.15 Risk factors
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1
Diagnostics
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1.1
Clinical Assessment
- 0.1 Lip line
- 0.2 Mouth opening
- 0.3 Vertical dimension
- 0.4 Maxillo-mandibular relationship
- 0.5 TMD
- 0.6 Existing prosthesis
- 0.7 Muco-gingival junction
- 0.8 Hyposalivation and Xerostomia
- 1.2 Clinical findings
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1.3
Clinical diagnostic assessments
- 2.1 Microbiology
- 2.2 Salivary output
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1.4
Diagnostic imaging
- 3.1 Imaging overview
- 3.2 Intraoral radiographs
- 3.3 Panoramic
- 3.4 CBCT
- 3.5 CT
- 1.5 Diagnostic prosthodontic guides
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1.1
Clinical Assessment
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2
Treatment Options
- 2.1 Mucosally-supported
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2.2
Implant-retained/supported, general
- 1.1 Prosthodontic options overview
- 1.2 Number of implants maxilla and mandible
- 1.3 Time to function
- 1.4 Submerged or non-submerged
- 1.5 Soft tissue management
- 1.6 Hard tissue management, mandible
- 1.7 Hard tissue management, maxilla
- 1.8 Need for grafting
- 1.9 Healed vs fresh extraction socket
- 1.10 Digital treatment planning protocols
- 2.3 Implant prosthetics - removable
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2.4
Implant prosthetics - fixed
- 2.5 Comprehensive treatment concepts
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3
Treatment Procedures
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3.1
Surgical
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3.2
Removable prosthetics
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3.3
Fixed prosthetics
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3.1
Surgical
- 4 Aftercare
术中并发症
Key points
- 缺齿下颌的解剖学特征导致可能发生术中并发症
- 评估硬组织形态/尺寸有助于避免术中并发症
- 潜在的术中并发症包括颌骨骨折、骨穿孔、血管和神经损伤
术中并发症 - 综述
在发生萎缩的下颌中,软组织变得突出,且下牙槽神经更靠近表面。
骨折
在种植体植入期间,萎缩的下颌无牙颌可能会发生骨折。特别是在硬骨(即 D1、D2)中,建议使用额外的钻牙工具来延伸皮质骨部分或制备螺纹。
穿孔
由于缺齿下颌的萎缩特征(图 1、2、3),在制备植床期间,后牙区是注定发生下颌舌穿孔和上颌窦底穿孔的位置。周围的软组织(即血管、神经和肌肉)可能会受损,从而导致严重后果。萎缩颌的硬组织形态和尺寸无法通过常规 X 光片来精确评估,因此,为了降低发生穿孔的风险,可能有必要采用额外的 3D 影像技术,即锥形束计算机断层扫描 (CBCT) 或医学 CT。植床制备期间出现阻力是进行皮质制备的指征。要避免钻牙偏差和穿孔,在植床制备期间永久控制制备深度并确保低压是最重要的。
血管损伤
由于口底血管密布,牙钻侵入、牙钻滑动或舌皮质板穿孔可能会引起血管穿孔。口底大出血可能会引起危及生命的呼吸困难症状,导致必须进行进一步干预,例如插管。(另请参阅文章“并发症/出血”)
下牙槽神经损伤
在植床制备(图 4)和种植体植入的背景下,下牙槽神经可能会受损,从而造成永久性或暂时性改变。通常,不将从磨针一直到尖端的全长指定为总长度。特别是在垂直于下牙槽神经的骨量较少的萎缩区域中,需要考虑实际的总牙钻长度,并且需要遵循制造商的说明。