0 Patient Assessment
- 0.1 Patient demand
- 0.2 Overarching considerations
- 0.3 Local history
- 0.4 Anatomical location
- 0.5 General patient history
- 0.6 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.1 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.2 age
  - 5.3 Compliance
  - 5.4 Smoking
  - 5.5 Drug abuse
  - 5.6 Recreational drugs and alcohol abuse
  - 5.7 Parafunctions
  - 5.8 Diabetes
  - 5.9 Osteoporosis
  - 5.10 Coagulation disorders and anticoagulant therapy
  - 5.11 Steroids
  - 5.12 Bisphosphonates
  - 5.13 BRONJ / ARONJ
  - 5.14 Radiotherapy
  - 5.15 Risk factors
1 Diagnostics
- 1.1 Clinical Assessment
  - 0.1 Lip line
  - 0.2 Mouth opening
  - 0.3 Vertical dimension
  - 0.4 Maxillo-mandibular relationship
  - 0.5 TMD
  - 0.6 Existing prosthesis
  - 0.7 Muco-gingival junction
  - 0.8 Hyposalivation and Xerostomia
- 1.2 Clinical findings
  - 1.1 Occlusion
  - 1.2 Alveolar atrophy and insufficiency
  - 1.3 Skeletal consequences of edentulism
  - 1.4 Head-neck cancer
- 1.3 Clinical diagnostic assessments
  - 2.1 Microbiology
  - 2.2 Salivary output
- 1.4 Diagnostic imaging
  - 3.1 Imaging overview
  - 3.2 Intraoral radiographs
  - 3.3 Panoramic
  - 3.4 CBCT
  - 3.5 CT
- 1.5 Diagnostic prosthodontic guides
  - 4.1 Prosthodontic guides overview
  - 4.2 Wax-up, arrangement, mock-up
  - 4.3 Splints and imaging for surgery
  - 4.4 Provisionals
2 Treatment Options
- 2.1 Mucosally-supported
  - 0.1 Mucosally supported - Overview and important considerations
  - 0.2 Complete denture
  - 0.3 Immediate denture
  - 0.4 Occlusal schemes
- 2.2 Implant-retained/supported, general
  - 1.1 Prosthodontic options overview
  - 1.2 Number of implants maxilla and mandible
  - 1.3 Time to function
  - 1.4 Submerged or non-submerged
  - 1.5 Soft tissue management
  - 1.6 Hard tissue management, mandible
  - 1.7 Hard tissue management, maxilla
  - 1.8 Need for grafting
  - 1.9 Healed vs fresh extraction socket
  - 1.10 Digital treatment planning protocols
    
    9.1 Digital treatment planning protocols, introduction
    
    9.2 Digital treatment planning protocols, NobelClinician
- 2.3 Implant prosthetics - removable
  - 2.1 Implant overdenture, overview
    
    0.1 Implant overdenture, introduction
    
    0.2 Overdenture retention devices, overview
  - 2.2 Secondary splinting
  - 2.3 Primary splinting
- 2.4 Implant prosthetics - fixed
  - 3.1 Fixed implant prosthesis, introduction
  - 3.2 Screw-retained restorations
    
    1.1 Screw-retained
    
    1.2 Implant-supported vs abutment-supported
  - 3.3 Cement-retained restorations
    
    2.1 Cement-retained
    
    2.2 Abutment materials
  - 3.4 Framework materials
    
    3.1 Framework materials
    
    3.2 Veneering with ceramic
    
    3.3 Veneering with Acrylic
- 2.5 Comprehensive treatment concepts
3 Treatment Procedures
- 3.1 Surgical
  - 0.1 Surgical considerations
    
    0.1 Anesthesia
    
    0.2 Peri-operative care
    
    0.3 Post-operative care
    
    0.4 Flap-or flapless
    
    0.5 Wound closure
    
    0.6 Intra-operative complications
    
    0.7 Guided vs non-guided
    
    0.8 Semi-guided surgery with prosthetic template
    
    0.9 Guided surgery with drill guides
  - 0.2 Surgical protocols - general
    
    1.1 Crestal incision
    
    1.2 Choice of implant
    
    1.3 Parallel implant placement
    
    1.4 Tapered implant placement
    
    1.5 Insertion torque
    
    1.6 Insertion height
    
    1.7 Implant angulation
  - 0.3 Surgical protocols - mandible
    
    2.1 Implant placement with open flap procedure - mandible
    
    2.2 Grafting, mandible
  - 0.4 Surgical protocols - maxilla
    
    3.1 Implant placement - maxilla
    
    3.2 Grafting, maxilla
    
    3.3 Sinus lifting
    
    3.4 Zygomatic implants
    
    3.5 Pterygoid implants
    
    3.6 Problems and complications in maxillary implant surgery
- 3.2 Removable prosthetics
  - 1.1 Complete dentures
    
    0.1 Complete denture clinical protocol
    
    0.2 Complete denture impressions
    
    0.3 Complete denture - maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    0.4 Complete denture trial placement
    
    0.5 Complete denture placement
    
    0.6 Complete denture post-placement
  - 1.2 Implant overdentures
    
    1.1 Overdenture clinical protocol
    
    1.2 Implant overdenture impressions
    
    1.3 Implant overdenture maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    1.4 Implant overdenture trial placement
    
    1.5 Implant overdenture placement
    
    1.6 Implant overdenture post-placement
- 3.3 Fixed prosthetics
  - 2.1 Fixed implant prosthesis clinical protocol
  - 2.2 Impressions
    
    1.1 Impressions - overview
    
    1.2 Splinted vs unsplinted impression copings
    
    1.3 Open versus closed tray
    
    1.4 Parallel vs non-parallel
  - 2.3 Maxillo-mandibular relations
  - 2.4 Trial placement
  - 2.5 Framework trial placement
  - 2.6 Placement
  - 2.7 Post-placement
4 Aftercare
- 4.1 Surgical aftercare
  - 0.1 Medication
  - 0.2 Post-operative soft tissue management
  - 0.3 Suture removal
  - 0.4 Post-surgical recommendations
- 4.2 Prosthetic aftercare
  - 1.1 Esthetic and function check
  - 1.2 Provisionals / temporary prosthesis
  - 1.3 Oral hygiene instructions
  - 1.4 Occlusal guard
- 4.3 Post-treatment complications and management
  - 2.1 Bleeding
  - 2.2 Soft tissue and hard tissue
  - 2.3 Patient compliance / recall
  - 2.4 Biologic complications
  - 2.5 Esthetic complications
- 4.4 Recall visits and logistics
  - 3.1 Recall visits - overview
  - 3.2 Patient expectations
  - 3.3 General health check
  - 3.4 Professional oral hygiene
  - 3.5 Implant overdenture maintenance
  - 3.6 Occlusion check
  - 3.7 Probing
  - 3.8 Inflammation, infection
    
    7.1 Inflammation and infection - overview
    
    7.2 Infection, microbiological diagnostics
  - 3.9 Radiological control

治疗指南

BRONJ / ARONJ

Key points

服用双磷酸盐药物 (BP) 可导致“与双磷酸盐药物相关的颌骨骨坏死”(BRONJ)
BRONJ 与骨坏死相似，通常表现为口腔内骨骼裸露
BRONJ 难以治疗。如果患者被诊断为 BRONJ，必须听从牙科和医学康复团队的建议并密切配合
术语 ARONJ（与骨吸收抑制药相关的颌骨骨坏死）现在替代了术语 BRONJ

一般注意事项

长期服用、特别是静脉注射双磷酸盐药物的患者如果观察到口腔颌面部区域发生严重副作用，会导致“与双磷酸盐药物相关的颌骨骨坏死”(BRONJ) 或者“与骨吸收抑制药相关的颌骨骨坏死”(ARONJ)。根据定义，这是连续服用双磷酸盐药物 8 周以上且无放射治疗史的患者出现的颌骨裸露区域。

采用双磷酸盐药物治疗骨质疏松症和帕哲氏病引发 BRONJ 的机率为 0.01% - 0.04%。采用双磷酸盐药物治疗骨癌和骨转移引发 BRONJ 的机率为 0.8% - 12%。

与双磷酸盐药物相关的颌骨骨坏死与放射性骨坏死相似，很难治疗。受影响骨骼的愈合能力下降（恢复速度减慢），并且血管生成减慢。导致抗感染和外伤（手术、拔牙）愈合能力下降。

BRONJ 治疗考虑事项

如果患者诊断为 BRONJ，应避免手术和拔牙。应重新评估并加强卫生措施。这种情况需要全科医生、内科医生、牙医及口腔颌面外科医生定期沟通并开展团队合作。

已制定出详尽全面的双磷酸盐药物患者管理临床实践指南。要使用的一些基础治疗步骤包括：

日常冲洗和抗菌冲洗
抗生素抑制感染
针对复杂病例建议通过手术治疗切除坏死骨骼
对于某些患者，需要使用活动矫正器覆盖并保护裸露骨骼
保护性支架会损坏周围软组织或破坏正常功能
如果义齿有磨损，应尽量减少对软组织的刺激，对于接受双磷酸盐药物 IV 治疗的患者尤其如此。晚上应摘下义齿并彻底清洁。

(Content © Copyright AAOMS 2008-2013)

临床分类

全身因素患者评估

治疗指南

Edentulous

双磷酸盐药物

双磷酸盐药物 (BP) 会抑制破骨细胞活性，并在骨骼内滞留较长时间。双磷酸盐药物是治疗骨质疏松症、脆骨病（如帕哲氏病、成骨不全症、骨纤维结构发育不良和骨癌）的常用处方药。

在长期服用双磷酸盐药物的情况下，会导致口腔颌面部区域发生与双磷酸盐药物相关的颌骨骨坏死 (BRONJ)。下颌发生坏死的机率是上颌的两倍。

全身因素

患者评估

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治疗指南

Edentulous

口腔卫生指导

所有的组织表面、修复体表面和种植体表面均应是口腔卫生辅助用具（如牙刷、牙缝刷和牙线或洁牙带）能够触及的。在治疗方案设计过程中，在设计种植体位置和修复体时考虑到最终口腔卫生结果至关重要。为此，所有口腔内修复体表面均应光滑，具有极佳的光洁度，以预防牙菌斑滞留。

患者每次就诊时均应接受口腔卫生指导，且可能需要回顾相关指导。这对于固定修复体尤其重要。应继续进行口腔卫生指导，直到患者能够使用适当的口腔卫生辅助用具独立清洁所有相关口腔内部位。尽管大多数患者都可以使用普通牙

术后护理

修复体

口腔卫生说明

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治疗指南

Edentulous

专业口腔卫生

至少每 6 个月进行一次的定期回访控制预约应该包括由牙科/口腔保健师或其他辅助人员进行的卫生检查，还应包括对修复体、修复组件、沟部和种植体在牙龈上任何部分的专业清洁。

检查患者依从性和口腔卫生。根据患者的积极性和卫生状况，应对患者进行重新指导和再次激励，使其采取最佳卫生措施。如果需要的话，考虑对回访和专业口腔卫生护理进行调整并提高其频率。

除了专业卫生护理以外，常规卫生护理预约可以并且应该用于检测和处理任何并发症。

使用适用于种植体的塑料或钛制器械/除垢器除去牙菌斑、染色

术后护理

修复体

口腔卫生说明

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Additional external resources

American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons

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BRONJ / ARONJ

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治疗指南

双磷酸盐药物

治疗指南

口腔卫生指导

治疗指南

专业口腔卫生

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