0 Patient Assessment
- 0.1 Patient demand
- 0.2 Overarching considerations
- 0.3 Local history
- 0.4 Anatomical location
- 0.5 General patient history
- 0.6 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.1 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.2 age
  - 5.3 Compliance
  - 5.4 Smoking
  - 5.5 Drug abuse
  - 5.6 Recreational drugs and alcohol abuse
  - 5.7 Parafunctions
  - 5.8 Diabetes
  - 5.9 Osteoporosis
  - 5.10 Coagulation disorders and anticoagulant therapy
  - 5.11 Steroids
  - 5.12 Bisphosphonates
  - 5.13 BRONJ / ARONJ
  - 5.14 Radiotherapy
  - 5.15 Risk factors
1 Diagnostics
- 1.1 Clinical Assessment
  - 0.1 Lip line
  - 0.2 Mouth opening
  - 0.3 Vertical dimension
  - 0.4 Maxillo-mandibular relationship
  - 0.5 TMD
  - 0.6 Existing prosthesis
  - 0.7 Muco-gingival junction
  - 0.8 Hyposalivation and Xerostomia
- 1.2 Clinical findings
  - 1.1 Occlusion
  - 1.2 Alveolar atrophy and insufficiency
  - 1.3 Skeletal consequences of edentulism
  - 1.4 Head-neck cancer
- 1.3 Clinical diagnostic assessments
  - 2.1 Microbiology
  - 2.2 Salivary output
- 1.4 Diagnostic imaging
  - 3.1 Imaging overview
  - 3.2 Intraoral radiographs
  - 3.3 Panoramic
  - 3.4 CBCT
  - 3.5 CT
- 1.5 Diagnostic prosthodontic guides
  - 4.1 Prosthodontic guides overview
  - 4.2 Wax-up, arrangement, mock-up
  - 4.3 Splints and imaging for surgery
  - 4.4 Provisionals
2 Treatment Options
- 2.1 Mucosally-supported
  - 0.1 Mucosally supported - Overview and important considerations
  - 0.2 Complete denture
  - 0.3 Immediate denture
  - 0.4 Occlusal schemes
- 2.2 Implant-retained/supported, general
  - 1.1 Prosthodontic options overview
  - 1.2 Number of implants maxilla and mandible
  - 1.3 Time to function
  - 1.4 Submerged or non-submerged
  - 1.5 Soft tissue management
  - 1.6 Hard tissue management, mandible
  - 1.7 Hard tissue management, maxilla
  - 1.8 Need for grafting
  - 1.9 Healed vs fresh extraction socket
  - 1.10 Digital treatment planning protocols
    
    9.1 Digital treatment planning protocols, introduction
    
    9.2 Digital treatment planning protocols, NobelClinician
- 2.3 Implant prosthetics - removable
  - 2.1 Implant overdenture, overview
    
    0.1 Implant overdenture, introduction
    
    0.2 Overdenture retention devices, overview
  - 2.2 Secondary splinting
  - 2.3 Primary splinting
- 2.4 Implant prosthetics - fixed
  - 3.1 Fixed implant prosthesis, introduction
  - 3.2 Screw-retained restorations
    
    1.1 Screw-retained
    
    1.2 Implant-supported vs abutment-supported
  - 3.3 Cement-retained restorations
    
    2.1 Cement-retained
    
    2.2 Abutment materials
  - 3.4 Framework materials
    
    3.1 Framework materials
    
    3.2 Veneering with ceramic
    
    3.3 Veneering with Acrylic
- 2.5 Comprehensive treatment concepts
3 Treatment Procedures
- 3.1 Surgical
  - 0.1 Surgical considerations
    
    0.1 Anesthesia
    
    0.2 Peri-operative care
    
    0.3 Post-operative care
    
    0.4 Flap-or flapless
    
    0.5 Wound closure
    
    0.6 Intra-operative complications
    
    0.7 Guided vs non-guided
    
    0.8 Semi-guided surgery with prosthetic template
    
    0.9 Guided surgery with drill guides
  - 0.2 Surgical protocols - general
    
    1.1 Crestal incision
    
    1.2 Choice of implant
    
    1.3 Parallel implant placement
    
    1.4 Tapered implant placement
    
    1.5 Insertion torque
    
    1.6 Insertion height
    
    1.7 Implant angulation
  - 0.3 Surgical protocols - mandible
    
    2.1 Implant placement with open flap procedure - mandible
    
    2.2 Grafting, mandible
  - 0.4 Surgical protocols - maxilla
    
    3.1 Implant placement - maxilla
    
    3.2 Grafting, maxilla
    
    3.3 Sinus lifting
    
    3.4 Zygomatic implants
    
    3.5 Pterygoid implants
    
    3.6 Problems and complications in maxillary implant surgery
- 3.2 Removable prosthetics
  - 1.1 Complete dentures
    
    0.1 Complete denture clinical protocol
    
    0.2 Complete denture impressions
    
    0.3 Complete denture - maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    0.4 Complete denture trial placement
    
    0.5 Complete denture placement
    
    0.6 Complete denture post-placement
  - 1.2 Implant overdentures
    
    1.1 Overdenture clinical protocol
    
    1.2 Implant overdenture impressions
    
    1.3 Implant overdenture maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    1.4 Implant overdenture trial placement
    
    1.5 Implant overdenture placement
    
    1.6 Implant overdenture post-placement
- 3.3 Fixed prosthetics
  - 2.1 Fixed implant prosthesis clinical protocol
  - 2.2 Impressions
    
    1.1 Impressions - overview
    
    1.2 Splinted vs unsplinted impression copings
    
    1.3 Open versus closed tray
    
    1.4 Parallel vs non-parallel
  - 2.3 Maxillo-mandibular relations
  - 2.4 Trial placement
  - 2.5 Framework trial placement
  - 2.6 Placement
  - 2.7 Post-placement
4 Aftercare
- 4.1 Surgical aftercare
  - 0.1 Medication
  - 0.2 Post-operative soft tissue management
  - 0.3 Suture removal
  - 0.4 Post-surgical recommendations
- 4.2 Prosthetic aftercare
  - 1.1 Esthetic and function check
  - 1.2 Provisionals / temporary prosthesis
  - 1.3 Oral hygiene instructions
  - 1.4 Occlusal guard
- 4.3 Post-treatment complications and management
  - 2.1 Bleeding
  - 2.2 Soft tissue and hard tissue
  - 2.3 Patient compliance / recall
  - 2.4 Biologic complications
  - 2.5 Esthetic complications
- 4.4 Recall visits and logistics
  - 3.1 Recall visits - overview
  - 3.2 Patient expectations
  - 3.3 General health check
  - 3.4 Professional oral hygiene
  - 3.5 Implant overdenture maintenance
  - 3.6 Occlusion check
  - 3.7 Probing
  - 3.8 Inflammation, infection
    
    7.1 Inflammation and infection - overview
    
    7.2 Infection, microbiological diagnostics
  - 3.9 Radiological control

治疗指南

张口度

Key points

患者可能口形较小或者因外伤、外科干涉、硬皮病、疤痕或肌肉和颞下颌关节紊乱综合症 (TMD) 而表现为或张口受限
温和地处理口腔周围软组织，并使用尺寸较小的器械，如专为儿科患者设计的器械
借助更方便的修复体操作设计，种植体治疗为牙医提供了处理张口受限病例的机会

张口度与探入口腔进行治疗干涉的难易度

大多数患者都可以很容易地张口，使牙医可以进行常规口腔修复和外科治疗干涉。张口受限或小口畸形见于存在以下情况的患者：硬皮病、弥漫性系统性硬化病、口腔颌面部外伤或接受过针对肿瘤疾病的外科切除、颞下颌关节紊乱综合症 (TMD)。后者导致的结疤和组织挛缩，加之伴随的缺少下层骨支撑及组织水肿，使张口受到限制，并导致外科和牙科治疗困难。

我们无法确定阻碍选择基于种植体的修复的张口度下限。沿唇侧设置种植体轴方向（随后可通过斜角式基台或上部结构来补偿）可针对难以探入口腔的病例提供解决方案。

软组织愈合和/或结疤可能需要数年才能达到稳定状态。与此同时，在进行进一步的治疗方案设计之前，必须考虑实现临时及最终组织支撑，并通过修复体来改善美观效果。

口腔结构手术切除或外伤也会导致垂直距离减小，从而导致下颌张开度减小以及下颌运动发生变化。伴随的牙关紧闭（导致纤维化和结疤）通常是主要原因。放射治疗也会造成口周组织纤维化。随着治疗部位的愈合，人工张口练习和伸展可改善下颌运动及垂直张口的范围。垂直张口范围减小会为保持口腔卫生、食团处理及外科和修复管理带来诸多重大挑战。

通过温和细心地处理口腔周围软组织，并使用专为儿科患者设计的小尺寸器械，通常可以为张口受限患者提供治疗。可以讨论是否采用具有柔性基托材料的义齿（如果此种治疗方案是最佳选择）。

借助更方便且受控的修复体操作设计，种植体治疗为牙医提供了处理张口受限病例的可能性。通过定制治疗设计，可确保实现固定性和稳定性。如果计划在基于种植体的治疗过程中实施全身麻醉，此时也可以检查是否可以安全地进行插管。

临床分类

颞下颌关节检查全身因素患者评估

治疗指南

Edentulous

局部病史

完整既往病史的关键问题包括：张口度, 唾液分泌量, 是否存在粘膜疾病、牙龈健康状况、之前牙周手术的体征、牙齿运动过大、TMJ 问题、矫正治疗、味觉障碍、口腔异味/口臭、舌苔和口腔卫生。

齿龈炎不一定是影响种植体治疗的因素，但菌斑堆积和口腔卫生不良都会成为影响长期维护粘膜和种植体周边组织水平的重要因素，还能体现出患者以往的卫生态度。

如果手术和/或保守治疗以及充分的口咽卫生都无法成功治疗和控制现有牙周炎应考虑选择非种植体治疗。

应评估患者的口腔卫生动机和可能性。如果动机

颞下颌关节检查

局部因素

全身因素

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治疗指南

Edentulous

在设计咬合重建修复时，记录特定于患者的垂直和水平颌位关系是一个必要的起点。垂直和水平颌位关系是下颌正中颌位关系 (CR) 不可或缺的组成部分，也是颌骨和牙齿发育和成熟正常过程的一部分。患者的首选垂直颌位关系反映了根据各种临床上获得的信息所做的知情决策，这是因为导致 VDO 变化的原因可能是未加治疗的后牙缺失、严重的牙列磨损、修复治疗不充分或长期配戴义齿。此外，下颌息止位及其 2-4 毫米的休止牙合间隙 (IRS) 或天然牙第一前磨牙之间的息止间隙是不稳定且不可靠的决定因素。

治疗计划

患者评估

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治疗指南

Edentulous

种植体植入 - 角度

斜角式种植体植入理念的主要目标是，对全口上下无牙颌实现基于种植体的牙齿修复，避免移植程序，从而为固定式全颌修复提供一种更加简单的微创治疗替代方案。由于减小了悬臂长度，导致基于种植体的缺齿患者牙齿修复得以优化。
缺齿患者由于垂直距离的缺失（图 3），将导致上颌和下颌矢状面投影的缺失（图 2）。通过斜角式种植体后倾（前后维度），可补偿由上述原因造成的假性子代问题。
在上颌后牙区中，萎缩会导致牙槽嵴与上颌窦底之间的骨高度不足。通过植入斜角式种植体，可以避免窦移植。在后下颌无牙颌中，萎缩会导致垂

无牙颌治疗

翻瓣种植

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Additional external resources

ASA recommendations

问题

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问题反馈

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Anonymous

06.10.2018 | 13:02

Hi, my mouth opening size is decreasing slowly day after day. Could you please tell me any medication for that

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Anonymous

01.04.2020 | 06:08

After my head and neck surgery mouth is opening 1 cm. Jaw stretcher exercise doing but not fruitfull kindly advise medication

After my Head & Neck surgery and radiation my mouth is opening just 1 cm . I am doing a jaw stretcher exercise from last 3 months . At the time of exercise it opens to 2 to 3cm but after 10 mnts it comes back to his original position. Kindly help me ...i am unable to eat ..and my weight decreasing

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张口度

张口度与探入口腔进行治疗干涉的难易度

临床分类

Related articles

治疗指南

局部病史

治疗指南

垂直距离

治疗指南

种植体植入 - 角度

Additional external resources

Scientific References

问题

Hi, my mouth opening size is decreasing slowly day after day. Could you please tell me any medication for that

After my head and neck surgery mouth is opening 1 cm. Jaw stretcher exercise doing but not fruitfull kindly advise medication