0 Patient Assessment
- 0.1 Patient demand
- 0.2 Overarching considerations
- 0.3 Local history
- 0.4 Anatomical location
- 0.5 General patient history
- 0.6 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.1 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.2 age
  - 5.3 Compliance
  - 5.4 Smoking
  - 5.5 Drug abuse
  - 5.6 Recreational drugs and alcohol abuse
  - 5.7 Parafunctions
  - 5.8 Diabetes
  - 5.9 Osteoporosis
  - 5.10 Coagulation disorders and anticoagulant therapy
  - 5.11 Steroids
  - 5.12 Bisphosphonates
  - 5.13 BRONJ / ARONJ
  - 5.14 Radiotherapy
  - 5.15 Risk factors
1 Diagnostics
- 1.1 Clinical Assessment
  - 0.1 Lip line
  - 0.2 Mouth opening
  - 0.3 Vertical dimension
  - 0.4 Maxillo-mandibular relationship
  - 0.5 TMD
  - 0.6 Existing prosthesis
  - 0.7 Muco-gingival junction
  - 0.8 Hyposalivation and Xerostomia
- 1.2 Clinical findings
  - 1.1 Occlusion
  - 1.2 Alveolar atrophy and insufficiency
  - 1.3 Skeletal consequences of edentulism
  - 1.4 Head-neck cancer
- 1.3 Clinical diagnostic assessments
  - 2.1 Microbiology
  - 2.2 Salivary output
- 1.4 Diagnostic imaging
  - 3.1 Imaging overview
  - 3.2 Intraoral radiographs
  - 3.3 Panoramic
  - 3.4 CBCT
  - 3.5 CT
- 1.5 Diagnostic prosthodontic guides
  - 4.1 Prosthodontic guides overview
  - 4.2 Wax-up, arrangement, mock-up
  - 4.3 Splints and imaging for surgery
  - 4.4 Provisionals
2 Treatment Options
- 2.1 Mucosally-supported
  - 0.1 Mucosally supported - Overview and important considerations
  - 0.2 Complete denture
  - 0.3 Immediate denture
  - 0.4 Occlusal schemes
- 2.2 Implant-retained/supported, general
  - 1.1 Prosthodontic options overview
  - 1.2 Number of implants maxilla and mandible
  - 1.3 Time to function
  - 1.4 Submerged or non-submerged
  - 1.5 Soft tissue management
  - 1.6 Hard tissue management, mandible
  - 1.7 Hard tissue management, maxilla
  - 1.8 Need for grafting
  - 1.9 Healed vs fresh extraction socket
  - 1.10 Digital treatment planning protocols
    
    9.1 Digital treatment planning protocols, introduction
    
    9.2 Digital treatment planning protocols, NobelClinician
- 2.3 Implant prosthetics - removable
  - 2.1 Implant overdenture, overview
    
    0.1 Implant overdenture, introduction
    
    0.2 Overdenture retention devices, overview
  - 2.2 Secondary splinting
  - 2.3 Primary splinting
- 2.4 Implant prosthetics - fixed
  - 3.1 Fixed implant prosthesis, introduction
  - 3.2 Screw-retained restorations
    
    1.1 Screw-retained
    
    1.2 Implant-supported vs abutment-supported
  - 3.3 Cement-retained restorations
    
    2.1 Cement-retained
    
    2.2 Abutment materials
  - 3.4 Framework materials
    
    3.1 Framework materials
    
    3.2 Veneering with ceramic
    
    3.3 Veneering with Acrylic
- 2.5 Comprehensive treatment concepts
3 Treatment Procedures
- 3.1 Surgical
  - 0.1 Surgical considerations
    
    0.1 Anesthesia
    
    0.2 Peri-operative care
    
    0.3 Post-operative care
    
    0.4 Flap-or flapless
    
    0.5 Wound closure
    
    0.6 Intra-operative complications
    
    0.7 Guided vs non-guided
    
    0.8 Semi-guided surgery with prosthetic template
    
    0.9 Guided surgery with drill guides
  - 0.2 Surgical protocols - general
    
    1.1 Crestal incision
    
    1.2 Choice of implant
    
    1.3 Parallel implant placement
    
    1.4 Tapered implant placement
    
    1.5 Insertion torque
    
    1.6 Insertion height
    
    1.7 Implant angulation
  - 0.3 Surgical protocols - mandible
    
    2.1 Implant placement with open flap procedure - mandible
    
    2.2 Grafting, mandible
  - 0.4 Surgical protocols - maxilla
    
    3.1 Implant placement - maxilla
    
    3.2 Grafting, maxilla
    
    3.3 Sinus lifting
    
    3.4 Zygomatic implants
    
    3.5 Pterygoid implants
    
    3.6 Problems and complications in maxillary implant surgery
- 3.2 Removable prosthetics
  - 1.1 Complete dentures
    
    0.1 Complete denture clinical protocol
    
    0.2 Complete denture impressions
    
    0.3 Complete denture - maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    0.4 Complete denture trial placement
    
    0.5 Complete denture placement
    
    0.6 Complete denture post-placement
  - 1.2 Implant overdentures
    
    1.1 Overdenture clinical protocol
    
    1.2 Implant overdenture impressions
    
    1.3 Implant overdenture maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    1.4 Implant overdenture trial placement
    
    1.5 Implant overdenture placement
    
    1.6 Implant overdenture post-placement
- 3.3 Fixed prosthetics
  - 2.1 Fixed implant prosthesis clinical protocol
  - 2.2 Impressions
    
    1.1 Impressions - overview
    
    1.2 Splinted vs unsplinted impression copings
    
    1.3 Open versus closed tray
    
    1.4 Parallel vs non-parallel
  - 2.3 Maxillo-mandibular relations
  - 2.4 Trial placement
  - 2.5 Framework trial placement
  - 2.6 Placement
  - 2.7 Post-placement
4 Aftercare
- 4.1 Surgical aftercare
  - 0.1 Medication
  - 0.2 Post-operative soft tissue management
  - 0.3 Suture removal
  - 0.4 Post-surgical recommendations
- 4.2 Prosthetic aftercare
  - 1.1 Esthetic and function check
  - 1.2 Provisionals / temporary prosthesis
  - 1.3 Oral hygiene instructions
  - 1.4 Occlusal guard
- 4.3 Post-treatment complications and management
  - 2.1 Bleeding
  - 2.2 Soft tissue and hard tissue
  - 2.3 Patient compliance / recall
  - 2.4 Biologic complications
  - 2.5 Esthetic complications
- 4.4 Recall visits and logistics
  - 3.1 Recall visits - overview
  - 3.2 Patient expectations
  - 3.3 General health check
  - 3.4 Professional oral hygiene
  - 3.5 Implant overdenture maintenance
  - 3.6 Occlusion check
  - 3.7 Probing
  - 3.8 Inflammation, infection
    
    7.1 Inflammation and infection - overview
    
    7.2 Infection, microbiological diagnostics
  - 3.9 Radiological control

治疗指南

软组织和硬组织

Key points

如果患者配戴覆盖义齿，则应在夜间将其摘除
修复体不合体可能导致纤维瘤和溃疡
对于夜间磨牙症患者，如果固定全颌牙桥与天然齿系相对，则需要使用防磨牙托

活动修复构造下的软组织并发症

活动修复体在夜间一定要摘除。由于树脂义齿基托紧密覆盖角质化粘膜，往往会导致修复体下的牙龈出现真菌/念珠菌感染。附着的粘膜表现为红肿，有时甚至会出血。

使用咪康唑凝胶 1 周（每天两次），结合夜间摘除义齿，通常会实现快速而完全的愈合。

其他问题包括不合体修复体引起的刺激性纤维瘤或创伤性溃疡。对义齿进行调整会立即缓解，一段时间后会痊愈。如果刺激性纤维瘤导致附着体（球形附着体/定位器/杆卡）上出现增生，则需要进行牙龈修整。

固定修复构造下的软组织并发症

由于牙医实现美齿效果的努力或患者需求，牙桥和牙龈之间的空间经常出现堵塞，而在过去，基台往往完全可见。因此，对种植体穿龈部分周围进行适当的清洁是基本不可能的，从而导致食物嵌塞和感染，还会发生口臭。

有牙牙颌相反侧的硬组织并发症

仅一侧颌骨无牙的患者仍然必须注意保养相反侧牙颌中的天然齿系。剩余牙齿的牙周状况尤其重要，因为我们知道，细菌可以从牙周袋移位至之前原来的种植体/基台表面。仍有必要定期进行牙齿/牙周检查。尤其是有牙牙颌应保持最佳口腔卫生状况。

应仔细检查咬合情况，尤其是如果固定全颌牙桥与天然牙相对的患者出现夜间磨牙症。在后一种情况下，必须制作防磨牙托。

临床分类

术后护理修复体可拆卸义齿

治疗指南

Edentulous

炎症和感染

炎症可能限于种植体周围软组织（粘膜炎），也可能涉及下面的骨组织（种植体周围炎）。感染可由各种风险因素引起，如卫生状况不佳及患者依从性较差、修复体的设计不便于进行清洁、侵袭性的口咽部菌群、种植体超负重、缺少固定角质化组织、龈下粘接剂残留。

应安排定期卫生回访以检查是否有任何炎症迹象。这些迹象可能比较细微，包括轻微肿胀、发红加剧以及离散性的探诊出血 (BOP)。也可能较为明显，包括疼痛、明显肿胀和剧烈 BOP、探诊深度 > 5mm、渗液甚至分泌脓液、清晰可见的边缘骨缺失。在极端情况下，还可能发生种植体移动。

种植体周围炎

术后护理

种植体周围炎治疗

立即观看

治疗指南

Edentulous

药物治疗

根据外科干涉的类型和手术大小，患者可能需要或者想要得到防止疼痛和肿胀的适当药物，例如扑热息痛、阿司匹林 (ASA) 或非甾体抗炎药组 (NSAID)。

副作用：如果使用阿司匹林或者香豆素类凝血剂来防止凝血，最好使用扑热息痛之类的止痛药来缓解疼痛，因为阿司匹林和香豆素与布洛芬之间有冲突。（请参阅凝血紊乱和抗凝治疗上的文章）

应在局部麻醉消退之前开始使用止痛药。

最迟在手术后第二天会出现疼痛缓解；如果没有缓解，患者必须前去就医以寻求控制。

术后护理

立即观看

治疗指南

Edentulous

专业口腔卫生

至少每 6 个月进行一次的定期回访控制预约应该包括由牙科/口腔保健师或其他辅助人员进行的卫生检查，还应包括对修复体、修复组件、沟部和种植体在牙龈上任何部分的专业清洁。

检查患者依从性和口腔卫生。根据患者的积极性和卫生状况，应对患者进行重新指导和再次激励，使其采取最佳卫生措施。如果需要的话，考虑对回访和专业口腔卫生护理进行调整并提高其频率。

除了专业卫生护理以外，常规卫生护理预约可以并且应该用于检测和处理任何并发症。

使用适用于种植体的塑料或钛制器械/除垢器除去牙菌斑、染色

术后护理

修复体

口腔卫生说明

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问题反馈

软组织和硬组织

临床分类

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治疗指南

炎症和感染

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药物治疗

治疗指南

专业口腔卫生

Scientific References

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