0 Patient Assessment
- 0.1 Patient demand
- 0.2 Overarching considerations
- 0.3 Local history
- 0.4 Anatomical location
- 0.5 General patient history
- 0.6 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.1 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.2 age
  - 5.3 Compliance
  - 5.4 Smoking
  - 5.5 Drug abuse
  - 5.6 Recreational drugs and alcohol abuse
  - 5.7 Parafunctions
  - 5.8 Diabetes
  - 5.9 Osteoporosis
  - 5.10 Coagulation disorders and anticoagulant therapy
  - 5.11 Steroids
  - 5.12 Bisphosphonates
  - 5.13 BRONJ / ARONJ
  - 5.14 Radiotherapy
  - 5.15 Risk factors
1 Diagnostics
- 1.1 Clinical Assessment
  - 0.1 Lip line
  - 0.2 Mouth opening
  - 0.3 Vertical dimension
  - 0.4 Maxillo-mandibular relationship
  - 0.5 TMD
  - 0.6 Existing prosthesis
  - 0.7 Muco-gingival junction
  - 0.8 Hyposalivation and Xerostomia
- 1.2 Clinical findings
  - 1.1 Occlusion
  - 1.2 Alveolar atrophy and insufficiency
  - 1.3 Skeletal consequences of edentulism
  - 1.4 Head-neck cancer
- 1.3 Clinical diagnostic assessments
  - 2.1 Microbiology
  - 2.2 Salivary output
- 1.4 Diagnostic imaging
  - 3.1 Imaging overview
  - 3.2 Intraoral radiographs
  - 3.3 Panoramic
  - 3.4 CBCT
  - 3.5 CT
- 1.5 Diagnostic prosthodontic guides
  - 4.1 Prosthodontic guides overview
  - 4.2 Wax-up, arrangement, mock-up
  - 4.3 Splints and imaging for surgery
  - 4.4 Provisionals
2 Treatment Options
- 2.1 Mucosally-supported
  - 0.1 Mucosally supported - Overview and important considerations
  - 0.2 Complete denture
  - 0.3 Immediate denture
  - 0.4 Occlusal schemes
- 2.2 Implant-retained/supported, general
  - 1.1 Prosthodontic options overview
  - 1.2 Number of implants maxilla and mandible
  - 1.3 Time to function
  - 1.4 Submerged or non-submerged
  - 1.5 Soft tissue management
  - 1.6 Hard tissue management, mandible
  - 1.7 Hard tissue management, maxilla
  - 1.8 Need for grafting
  - 1.9 Healed vs fresh extraction socket
  - 1.10 Digital treatment planning protocols
    
    9.1 Digital treatment planning protocols, introduction
    
    9.2 Digital treatment planning protocols, NobelClinician
- 2.3 Implant prosthetics - removable
  - 2.1 Implant overdenture, overview
    
    0.1 Implant overdenture, introduction
    
    0.2 Overdenture retention devices, overview
  - 2.2 Secondary splinting
  - 2.3 Primary splinting
- 2.4 Implant prosthetics - fixed
  - 3.1 Fixed implant prosthesis, introduction
  - 3.2 Screw-retained restorations
    
    1.1 Screw-retained
    
    1.2 Implant-supported vs abutment-supported
  - 3.3 Cement-retained restorations
    
    2.1 Cement-retained
    
    2.2 Abutment materials
  - 3.4 Framework materials
    
    3.1 Framework materials
    
    3.2 Veneering with ceramic
    
    3.3 Veneering with Acrylic
- 2.5 Comprehensive treatment concepts
3 Treatment Procedures
- 3.1 Surgical
  - 0.1 Surgical considerations
    
    0.1 Anesthesia
    
    0.2 Peri-operative care
    
    0.3 Post-operative care
    
    0.4 Flap-or flapless
    
    0.5 Wound closure
    
    0.6 Intra-operative complications
    
    0.7 Guided vs non-guided
    
    0.8 Semi-guided surgery with prosthetic template
    
    0.9 Guided surgery with drill guides
  - 0.2 Surgical protocols - general
    
    1.1 Crestal incision
    
    1.2 Choice of implant
    
    1.3 Parallel implant placement
    
    1.4 Tapered implant placement
    
    1.5 Insertion torque
    
    1.6 Insertion height
    
    1.7 Implant angulation
  - 0.3 Surgical protocols - mandible
    
    2.1 Implant placement with open flap procedure - mandible
    
    2.2 Grafting, mandible
  - 0.4 Surgical protocols - maxilla
    
    3.1 Implant placement - maxilla
    
    3.2 Grafting, maxilla
    
    3.3 Sinus lifting
    
    3.4 Zygomatic implants
    
    3.5 Pterygoid implants
    
    3.6 Problems and complications in maxillary implant surgery
- 3.2 Removable prosthetics
  - 1.1 Complete dentures
    
    0.1 Complete denture clinical protocol
    
    0.2 Complete denture impressions
    
    0.3 Complete denture - maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    0.4 Complete denture trial placement
    
    0.5 Complete denture placement
    
    0.6 Complete denture post-placement
  - 1.2 Implant overdentures
    
    1.1 Overdenture clinical protocol
    
    1.2 Implant overdenture impressions
    
    1.3 Implant overdenture maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    1.4 Implant overdenture trial placement
    
    1.5 Implant overdenture placement
    
    1.6 Implant overdenture post-placement
- 3.3 Fixed prosthetics
  - 2.1 Fixed implant prosthesis clinical protocol
  - 2.2 Impressions
    
    1.1 Impressions - overview
    
    1.2 Splinted vs unsplinted impression copings
    
    1.3 Open versus closed tray
    
    1.4 Parallel vs non-parallel
  - 2.3 Maxillo-mandibular relations
  - 2.4 Trial placement
  - 2.5 Framework trial placement
  - 2.6 Placement
  - 2.7 Post-placement
4 Aftercare
- 4.1 Surgical aftercare
  - 0.1 Medication
  - 0.2 Post-operative soft tissue management
  - 0.3 Suture removal
  - 0.4 Post-surgical recommendations
- 4.2 Prosthetic aftercare
  - 1.1 Esthetic and function check
  - 1.2 Provisionals / temporary prosthesis
  - 1.3 Oral hygiene instructions
  - 1.4 Occlusal guard
- 4.3 Post-treatment complications and management
  - 2.1 Bleeding
  - 2.2 Soft tissue and hard tissue
  - 2.3 Patient compliance / recall
  - 2.4 Biologic complications
  - 2.5 Esthetic complications
- 4.4 Recall visits and logistics
  - 3.1 Recall visits - overview
  - 3.2 Patient expectations
  - 3.3 General health check
  - 3.4 Professional oral hygiene
  - 3.5 Implant overdenture maintenance
  - 3.6 Occlusion check
  - 3.7 Probing
  - 3.8 Inflammation, infection
    
    7.1 Inflammation and infection - overview
    
    7.2 Infection, microbiological diagnostics
  - 3.9 Radiological control

治疗指南

微生物学

Key points

在种植体治疗前不必进行微生物检测
通过刮舌及用杀菌剂清洗口腔即可轻松减少缺齿患者唾液中的微生物数量
只有在种植体已放置就位且发生双重感染时，进行微生物敏感性试验才具有临床意义

口腔微生物群落

口咽部上皮脱屑可限制细菌累积，舌背侧和扁桃腺隐窝除外。牙齿缺失可大幅减少牙周致病菌的数量，Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans 除外，其次是 Porphyromonas gingivalis。在没有龈下袋的情况下，这些细菌会在舌背侧、扁桃腺隐窝或口咽的其他部分存活。

微生物检测注意事项

就种植体治疗而言，尚无令人信服的证据证明有牙周炎病史的患者唾液中的微生物数量和组成会影响种植体治疗结果。因此，种植体治疗前进行微生物检测的实践意义尚未得到证实。通过每天清洗舌头以及在种植体手术前使用抗菌漱口水（如 0.1–0.2 vol% 氯己定二葡糖酸盐）即可轻松实现缺齿患者术前无菌。因此，对未受损患者使用术前抗生素也缺乏有意义的证据。

Fig 1: The life cycle of a biofilm consists of several events occuring in the following timeframes:a. Bacteria adhere to a surface - reversible, continuousb. Attached bacteria divide and begin to excrete extracellular matrix - within seconds to minutesc. The matrix-cell mixture proliferates, forms architectural features of biofilms - minutes to hoursd. Further expansion and microbial maturation - dayse. Dispersion of planktonic bacteria - days to weeks

临床分类

翻瓣种植局部因素患者评估

Additional resources

视频

Björn Klinge：之前的牙周炎和稍后的种植体周围炎二者是否有关联？

共识声明是根据现有知识达成的协议，可能会根据新的证据随着时间逐渐变化。如今有可靠的数据表明牙周炎病史和之后的种植体周围炎以及感染存在联系，但是这一发现并不一定意味着存在因果关系，并且也可以根据患者的一般高炎症反应判断。已被证明影响种植体周围炎的其他患病因素包括吸烟和糟糕的口腔卫生。 Klinge医生总结并强调，一般患者而非牙周炎易感个体，如表现出这些因素，应受到高度警惕的监测，保持严格的口腔卫生维护方案，并鼓励戒烟。

放射影像

种植体周围炎

术后护理

视频

林野：在有严重牙周炎的中国患者中的即刻种植修复

中国的口腔健康调查显示，超过90%的中国无牙颌患者是由于长期的严重牙周炎而失去他们的牙齿。由于时间、费用和文化的原因，中国的患者往往不会或不能进行经常性的牙科检查。林医生回顾了All-on-4®治疗理念的特征并提出这个治疗方式为许多中国患者的需求，例如更短的治疗流程，更少就诊次数和对日常生活的更少影响，以及即刻修复、最小的创伤、无需植骨、容易清洁和维护等，提供了经济的解决方案。林医生总结道，All-on-4®治疗理念有可能在中国起始一个无牙颌治疗的新时代。

即刻种植

无牙颌治疗

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问题

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