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Treatment guidelines

Edentulous

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CT

Tomography represents 2-D images of a slice through an object. Computerized tomography (CT) can produce virtual slices and conventional CTs take slice by slice and the machine stops and moves in between slices. Spiral/helical CTs are continuous scans in a...

Radiology
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Treatment guidelines

Edentulous

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CBCT

Radiation source collimated at its source and then di­verges into a fan shape to reach detectors. This results in a cone beam.
Pixel (picture + element) is the smallest single component of a 2-D image, whereas a voxel is the small­est element...

Radiology
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Treatment guidelines

Edentulous

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Panoramic radiographs

When obtaining a panoramic film, one must be aware of the importance of following proper technique and carefully positioning the patient's skull between the X-ray generator and the film. Rotation of the film and radiation source often occurs along a...

Radiology
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Treatment guidelines

Edentulous

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Intra-oral radiographs

Intra-oral radiography can provide sufficiently diagnostic information regarding a dentition and also, in many instances, also yield the necessary pre-surgical planning information for implant surgery. If panoramic radiography is not available...

Radiology
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Treatment guidelines

Edentulous

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Imaging tools overview

Because any form or radiation can impose a risk, patient history and clinical examination should be performed first to ensure that the right kind of imaging is sought and unhelpful imaging is avoided.
The four main types of imaging tools utilized, and...

Radiology
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Treatment guidelines

Edentulous

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Salivary output

Physiological salivary output is 0.75 to 1.5 liters per day, with most originating from the submandibular glands. Saliva is a lubricant and has a complex set of protective and healing functions for the oral cavity. It adheres instantly to...

Local factors
Patient assessment
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Treatment guidelines

Edentulous

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Microbiology

Epithelial desquamation in the oropharynx limits bacterial accumulation, except on the tongue dorsum and in the tonsillar crypts. Loss of teeth dramatically reduces the load of periodontal pathogens except for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and to a...

Implants in compromised sites
Local factors
Patient assessment
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Treatment guidelines

Edentulous

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Probing

Radiographical check-ups to evaluate bone levels cannot be repeated too often to avoid unnecessary radiation. Monitoring the overlying soft tissues may help to identify eventual problems of the underlying bone, although the correlation...

Aftercare / follow up
Peri-implant therapy
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Treatment guidelines

Edentulous

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Occlusion

A universally accepted definition of ideal occlusion has been elusive. This is because an ideal occlusion can only be defined in broad terms of a physiological range of form and function. Functional aspects of occlusion, rather than specific anatomical...

Biomechanics and occlusion
Patient assessment
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Treatment guidelines

Edentulous

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Hyposalivation and Xerostomia

Saliva plays a significant role in the preservation and maintenance of oral health and function. It supports digestion by preparing food for mastication and swallowing, contributes to taste perception, facilitates speech communication and provides oral tissues...

Local factors
Patient assessment
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Treatment guidelines

Edentulous

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Existing prosthesis

Examination of existing dentures provides invaluable information on patients’ perceptions of teeth and soft tissue esthetics, including facial vertical dimension support. It also informs clinicians regarding their patients’ overall...

Diagnosis and treatment planning
Patient assessment
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Treatment guidelines

Edentulous

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Temporo-mandibular disorders (TMD)

Routine evaluation of a patient’s temporo-mandibular joint function is an integral part of any oral examination.
Moreover, good muscular control and painless coordination of jaw movements are desirable in the management of edentulism...

Temporomandibular Joint
Patient assessment
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Treatment guidelines

Edentulous

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The Maxillo-mandibular relationship

The key to understanding maxillo-mandibular jaw relations from a patient-centered treatment point of view is to recognize the inseparable nature of the mandible’s two positions - vertical and horizontal. They can be discussed...

Patient assessment
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Treatment guidelines

Edentulous

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Vertical dimension

The recording of patient-specific vertical and horizontal jaw relations is a necessary starting point when planning for the occlusal rehabilitation. They are integral components of the mandible’s centric relation (CR)...

Diagnosis and treatment planning
Patient assessment
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Treatment guidelines

Edentulous

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Mouth opening

Most patients’ mouth opening readily permits access for routine prosthodontic and surgical treatment interventions. Limited mouth opening or microstomia is encountered in patients exposed to sclerodermia, diffuse systemic...

Temporomandibular Joint
Systemic factors
Patient assessment